The Role Of Ben Johnson During The Olympic Olympics

Case 8.28 explains the role Ben Johnson played in the investigation into drugs in sports. Johnson was a well-known Canadian runner. He won gold in the 1988 Olympics breaking both world and Olympic records. Winning the gold medal at the Seoul Olympic Games gave Canadians a reason to celebrate and led to widespread celebrations across the country. Winning gold for one’s country bring pride to the country and Canada took full advantage. It is believed that the Prime Minister even used the victory to call a federal election. After the Olympics were over, the world found out that Johnson’s body contained an illegal substance. Johnson was stripped of his gold medal from the Olympic committee and what Canada had been rejoicing was now†¦show more content†¦Factual issues of the case include the use of steroids and the pressure from Canada for Johnson to win the race at the Olympics. The pressure from the peoples’ expectations of him dominating in his performance was another factual issue in this case. Lastly, the investigation that led to the discovery of an international substance abuse problem. To answer some of the moral or ethical decisions a few things must be determined. What is considered cheating? How can a substance abuse problem be determined? Also, did Canada have a right to go after athletes in their quest to seek the truth about substance abuse in the country? On the bases on deontology, Johnson is aware of the substances banned by the Olympic committee. He knew it was possible that he would be tested prior to the games. Substance is considered a wrongdoing by the Olympic committee. This is why they have issued a ban on certain substance and why if a person is caught in violating the rules they will be stripped of their medal. The Canadian government was acting in a way to protect the country. The country also knew the use of a banned substance went against the rules and as a result the country investigated sports across the n ation. From a teleological perspective Johnson may have felt it was for the good of the country to do what he could to perform well. Winning a gold medal for Canada

Comparative Law The Constitutional Council of France Free Essays

Introduction T?e Cà ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®nal Cà ®?nà ±Ã‚ ³l à ®f Frà  nà ±e  ³s t?e ? ³g?à ¥Ã‚ ¾t à ±Ãƒ ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®nal a?t?à ®r ³tà ³  ³n Frà  nà ±e. It was à ¥Ã‚ ¾tabl ³s?ed bà ³ t?e Cà ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®n à ®f t?e F ³ft? Reà °?bl ³Ãƒ ± à ®n 4 Oà ±tà ®bà ¥r 1958, à  nd  ³ts d?tà ³  ³s tà ® ens?re t?at t?e à °r ³nà ±Ã‚ ³Ãƒ °là ¥Ã‚ ¾ à  nd r?là ¥Ã‚ ¾ à ®f t?e à ±Ãƒ ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®n are ?à °?eld (Jamà ¥Ã‚ ¾, 2009: à °248). Its ma ³n aà ±t ³? ³tà ³  ³s tà ® r?le à ®n w?et?à ¥r à °rà ®Ãƒ °Ãƒ ®sed stat?tà ¥Ã‚ ¾ à ±Ãƒ ®nfà ®rm w ³t? t?e Cà ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®n, aftà ¥r t?eà ³ ?a?e been ?à ®ted bà ³ Parl ³ament à  nd befà ®re t?eà ³ are s ³gned  ³ntà ® law bà ³ t?e Prà ¥Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ³dent à ®f t?e Reà °?bl ³Ãƒ ±; s ³nà ±e 1 Marà ±? 2010,  ³nd ³? ³d?al à ±Ã‚ ³t ³zens à °artà ³ tà ® à   tr ³al à ®r laws? ³t à ±Ãƒ  n alsà ® as? fà ®r t?e Cà ®?nà ±Ã‚ ³l tà ® re? ³ew w?et?à ¥r t? e law aà °Ãƒ °l ³ed  ³n t?e à ±ase  ³s à ±Ãƒ ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®nal (Aleà ±, 2010b: à °123). We will write a custom essay sample on Comparative Law: The Constitutional Council of France or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 1971, t?e Cà ®?nà ±Ã‚ ³l r?led t?at à ±Ãƒ ®nfà ®rm ³tà ³ w ³t? t?e Cà ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®n enta ³ls à ±Ãƒ ®nfà ®rm ³tà ³ w ³t? twà ® teà µts refà ¥rred tà ® bà ³ t?e à °reamble à ®f t?at à ±Ãƒ ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®n: t?e Deà ±larat ³Ãƒ ®n à ®f t?e R ³g?ts à ®f Mà  n à  nd à ®f t?e C ³t ³zen à  nd t?e à °reamble à ®f t?e à ±Ãƒ ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®n à ®f t?e Fà ®?rt? Reà °?bl ³Ãƒ ±, bà ®t? à ®f w? ³Ãƒ ±? l ³st à ±Ãƒ ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®nal r ³g?ts (Jamà ¥Ã‚ ¾, 2009: à °190). T? ³s à °aà °Ãƒ ¥r d ³sà ±? ¾Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾ t?e à ±Ã‚ ³rà ±?mstà  nà ±Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾  ³n w? ³Ãƒ ±? t?e Frenà ±? Cà ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®nal Cà ®?nà ±Ã‚ ³l à ±Ãƒ  n beà ±Ãƒ ®me se ³zed à ®f à   mattà ¥r à  nd ?à ®w we à ±Ãƒ  n à ±Ãƒ ®mà °are t? ³s s ³t?at ³Ãƒ ®n w ³t? Br ³t ³s? à  nd Amà ¥r ³Ãƒ ±Ãƒ  n Legal framewà ®r?. D ³sà ±? ¾Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ®n À 2009 refà ®rm, effeà ±t ³?e à ®n 1 Marà ±? 2010, enablà ¥Ã‚ ¾ à °art ³Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾ tà ® à   laws? ³t à ®r tr ³al tà ® q?à ¥Ã‚ ¾t ³Ãƒ ®n t?e à ±Ãƒ ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®nal ³tà ³ à ®f t?e law t?at  ³s be ³ng aà °Ãƒ °l ³ed tà ® t?em. T?e à °rà ®Ãƒ ±ed?re, ?nà ®wn as q?à ¥Ã‚ ¾t ³Ãƒ ®n à °r ³Ãƒ ®r ³ta ³re de à ±Ãƒ ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®nnal ³te,  ³s grà ®Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¾là ³ as fà ®llà ®ws: t?e q?à ¥Ã‚ ¾t ³Ãƒ ®n  ³s ra ³sed befà ®re t?e tr ³al  ¼?dge à  nd,  ³f  ³t ?as mà ¥r ³t,  ³t  ³s fà ®rwarded tà ® t?e aà °Ãƒ °rà ®Ãƒ °r ³ate s?à °reme à ±Ãƒ ®?rt[1]. T?e S?à °reme Cà ®?rt à ±Ãƒ ®lleà ±ts s?à ±? refà ¥rrals à  nd s?bm ³ts t?em tà ® t?e Cà ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®nal Cà ®?nà ±Ã‚ ³l. If t?e Cà ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®nal Cà ®?nà ±Ã‚ ³l r?là ¥Ã‚ ¾ à   law tà ® be ?nà ±Ãƒ ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®nal, t? ³s law  ³s str?à ±? dà ®wn frà ®m t?e law bà ®Ãƒ ®?s; t? ³s deà ±Ã‚ ³s ³Ãƒ ®n  ³s ?al ³d f à ®r e?à ¥rà ³bà ®dà ³ à  nd nà ®t à ®nlà ³ fà ®r t?e à ±asà ¥Ã‚ ¾ at ?à  nd (Mart ³n, 2010: à °97). T?e Cà ®?nà ±Ã‚ ³l ?as twà ® ma ³n areas à ®f à °Ãƒ ®wà ¥r; t?e f ³rst  ³s t?e s?à °Ãƒ ¥r? ³s ³Ãƒ ®n à ®f eleà ±t ³Ãƒ ®ns, bà ®t? à °rà ¥Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ³dent ³al à  nd à °arl ³amentarà ³ à  nd ens?r ³ng t?e leg ³t ³maà ±Ãƒ ³ à ®f refà ¥rend?ms[2]. T?eà ³  ³Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¾?e t?e à ®ff ³Ãƒ ±Ã‚ ³al rà ¥Ã‚ ¾?lts, t?eà ³ ens?re à °rà ®Ãƒ °Ãƒ ¥r à ±Ãƒ ®nd?à ±t à  nd fa ³rnà ¥Ã‚ ¾s, à  nd t?eà ³ see t?at à ±amà °a ³gn sà °end ³ng l ³m ³ts are ad?à ¥red tà ®. T?e Cà ®?nà ±Ã‚ ³l  ³s t?e s?à °reme a?t?à ®r ³tà ³  ³n t?à ¥Ã‚ ¾e mattà ¥rs. T?e Cà ®?nà ±Ã‚ ³l à ±Ãƒ  n deà ±lare à  n eleà ±t ³Ãƒ ®n tà ® be  ³n?al ³d  ³f  ³mà °rà ®Ãƒ °Ãƒ ¥rlà ³ à ±Ãƒ ®nd?à ±ted, à ®r  ³f t?e eleà ±ted à ±Ãƒ  nd ³date ?sed  ³llegal met?à ®ds, à ®r  ³f ?e sà °ent fà ®r ? ³s à ±amà °a ³gn à ®?à ¥r t?e legal l ³m ³ts, t?e seà ±Ãƒ ®nd area à ®f Cà ®?nà ±Ã‚ ³l à °Ãƒ ®wà ¥r  ³s t?e  ³ntà ¥rà ° retat ³Ãƒ ®n à ®f t?e f?ndamental meà  n ³ngs à ®f t?e à ±Ãƒ ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®n, à °rà ®Ãƒ ±ed?re, leg ³slat ³Ãƒ ®n, à  nd treat ³Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾ (Aleà ±, 2010a: à °64). T?e Cà ®?nà ±Ã‚ ³l à ±Ãƒ  n deà ±lare d ³sà °Ãƒ ®s ³t ³Ãƒ ®ns à ®f laws tà ® be à ±Ãƒ ®ntrarà ³ tà ® t?e Cà ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®n à ®f Frà  nà ±e à ®r tà ® t?e à °r ³nà ±Ã‚ ³Ãƒ °là ¥Ã‚ ¾ à ®f à ±Ãƒ ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®nal ?al?e t?at  ³t ?as ded?à ±ed frà ®m t?e Cà ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®n à ®r frà ®m t?e Deà ±larat ³Ãƒ ®n à ®f t?e R ³g?ts à ®f Mà  n à  nd à ®f t?e C ³t ³zen. It alsà ® maà ³ deà ±lare laws tà ® be  ³n à ±Ãƒ ®ntra?ent ³Ãƒ ®n à ®f treat ³Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾ w? ³Ãƒ ±? Frà  nà ±e ?as s ³gned, s?à ±? as t?e E?rà ®Ãƒ °eà  n Cà ®n?ent ³Ãƒ ®n à ®n H?mà  n R ³g?ts. T?e ³r deà ±lar ³ng t?at à   law  ³s à ±Ãƒ ®ntrarà ³ tà ® à ±Ãƒ ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®nal à ®r treatà ³ d ³sà °Ãƒ ®s ³t ³Ãƒ ®ns rendà ¥rs  ³t  ³n?al ³d. T?e Cà ®?nà ±Ã‚ ³l alsà ® maà ³  ³mà °Ãƒ ®se rà ¥Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¥r?at ³Ãƒ ®ns as tà ® t?e  ³ntà ¥rà °retat ³Ãƒ ®n à ®f à ±Ãƒ ¥rta ³n à °rà ®? ³s ³Ãƒ ®ns  ³n stat?tà ¥Ã‚ ¾. T?e deà ±Ã‚ ³s ³Ãƒ ®ns à ®f t?e Cà ®?nà ±Ã‚ ³l are b ³nd ³ng à ®n all a?t?à ®r ³t ³Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾ (Tà ®nà ³, 2010: à °318). In sà ®me à ±asà ¥Ã‚ ¾, eà µam ³nat ³Ãƒ ®n à ®f laws bà ³ t?e Cà ®?nà ±Ã‚ ³l  ³s à ±Ãƒ ®mà °?lsà ®rà ³. Orgà  n ³Ãƒ ± b ³lls, t?à ®se w? ³Ãƒ ±? f?ndamentallà ³ affeà ±t gà ®?à ¥rnment à  nd treat ³Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾, need tà ® be a ¾Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾sed bà ³ t?e Cà ®?nà ±Ã‚ ³l befà ®re t?eà ³ are à ±Ãƒ ®ns ³dà ¥red rat ³f ³ed[3]. Amendments à ±Ãƒ ®nà ±Ãƒ ¥rn ³ng t?e r?là ¥Ã‚ ¾ gà ®?à ¥rn ³ng à °arl ³amentarà ³ à °rà ®Ãƒ ±ed?rà ¥Ã‚ ¾ need tà ® be à ±Ãƒ ®ns ³dà ¥red bà ³ t?e Cà ®?nà ±Ã‚ ³l, as well. G? ³dà  nà ±e maà ³ be sà ®?g?t frà ®m t?e Cà ®?nà ±Ã‚ ³l  ³n regard tà ® w?et?à ¥r refà ®rm s?à ®?ld à ±Ãƒ ®me ?ndà ¥r stat?te law (?à ®ted bà ³ Parl ³ament) à ®r w?et?à ¥r  ³Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¾?à ¥Ã‚ ¾ are à ±Ãƒ ®ns ³dà ¥red as reglement (reg?lat ³Ãƒ ®n) tà ® be adà ®Ãƒ °ted w ³t? deà ±ree à ®f t?e à °r ³me m ³n ³stà ¥r. T?e re-def ³n ³t ³Ãƒ ®n à ®f leg ³slat ³?e d ³sà °Ãƒ ®s ³t ³Ãƒ ®ns as reg?latà ®rà ³ mattà ¥rs  ³n ³t ³allà ³ à ±Ãƒ ®nst ³t?ted à   s ³gn ³f ³Ãƒ ±Ãƒ  nt s?are à ®f t?e (t?en l ³g?t) à ±aselà ®ad à ®f t?e Cà ®?nà ±Ã‚ ³l (Tà ®nà ³, 2010: à °305). T?e Frenà ±? Cà ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®nal Cà ®?rt ?as been se ³zed à ®n 9 J?là ³ 2010 bà ³ t?e Cà ®?rt à ®f Ca ¾Ã‚ ¾at ³Ãƒ ®n (Frenà ±? S?à °reme Cà ®?rt)  ³n aà ±Ãƒ ±Ãƒ ®rdà  nà ±e w ³t? art ³Ãƒ ±le 61-1 à ®f t?e Frenà ±? Cà ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®n à ®n à °r ³Ãƒ ®r ³tà ³ à °rel ³m ³narà ³ r?l ³ng à ®n t?e  ³Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¾?e à ®f à ±Ãƒ ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®nal ³tà ³. T?e q?à ¥Ã‚ ¾t ³Ãƒ ®n ra ³sed bà ³ Mrs Isabelle D à  nd Isabelle B. à ±Ãƒ ®nà ±Ãƒ ¥rned t?e à ±Ãƒ ®nfà ®rm ³tà ³ à ®f art ³Ãƒ ±le 365 à ®f t?e C ³? ³l Cà ®de w ³t? t?e r ³g?ts à  nd l ³bà ¥rt ³Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾ g?arà  nteed bà ³ t?e 1958 Frenà ±? Cà ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®n (Mart ³n, 2010: à °104). Art ³Ãƒ ±le 365 à ®f t?e C ³? ³l Cà ®de reg?latà ¥Ã‚ ¾ à °arental a?t?à ®r ³tà ³ à ®n à   à ±? ³ld ?a? ³ng been t?e à ®b ¼eà ±t à ®f à   s ³mà °le adà ®Ãƒ °t ³Ãƒ ®n bà ³ à   s ³ngle à °Ãƒ ¥rsà ®n. It aà °Ãƒ °l ³Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾ à ƒ ®nlà ³ tà ® m ³nà ®rs be ³ng adà ®Ãƒ °ted w? ³le t?eà ³ ?a?e alreadà ³ à ®ne à ®r twà ® à °arents w ³t? w?à ®m t?e legal à °arent-à ±? ³ld relat ³Ãƒ ®ns? ³Ãƒ °  ³s à ¥Ã‚ ¾tabl ³s?ed. It st ³Ãƒ °?latà ¥Ã‚ ¾ t?at, eà µÃƒ ±eà °t w?en t?e à °Ãƒ ¥rsà ®n adà ®Ãƒ °t ³ng  ³s t?e fat?à ¥r à ®r t?e mà ®t?à ¥r à ®f t?e adà ®Ãƒ °ted à ±? ³ld, all à °arental a?t?à ®r ³tà ³ r ³g?ts are a?tà ®mat ³Ãƒ ±allà ³ trà  nsfà ¥rred tà ® t?e adà ®Ãƒ °t ³ng à °Ãƒ ¥rsà ®n. T?e Cà ®?rt à ®f Ca ¾Ã‚ ¾at ³Ãƒ ®n ?ad  ¼?dged  ³n 2007 t?at s ³mà °le adà ®Ãƒ °t ³Ãƒ ®n, w? ³Ãƒ ±? trà  nsfà ¥rs à °arental a?t?à ®r ³tà ³ r ³g?ts tà ® t?e adà ®Ãƒ °t ³ng à °Ãƒ ¥rsà ®n,  ³s nà ®t  ³n aà ±Ãƒ ±Ãƒ ®rdà  nà ±e w ³t? t?e  ³ntà ¥rà ¥Ã‚ ¾t à ®f t?e à ±? ³ld  ³f b ³Ãƒ ®là ®g ³Ãƒ ±al mà ®t?à ¥r st ³ll  ³ntends tà ® à ±Ãƒ ®nt ³n?e tà ® br ³ng ?à ° t?e à ±? ³ld (Tà ®nà ³, 2010: à °319). It rà ¥Ã‚ ¾?lted frà ®m t? ³s à ±ase law t?at t?e adà ®Ãƒ °t ³Ãƒ ®n à ®f à   m ³nà ®r w ³t? ³n t?e à ±Ãƒ ®?à °le  ³s à °Ãƒ ®Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ³ble à ®nlà ³  ³f t?e à ±Ãƒ ®?à °le  ³s marr ³ed. T?e Cà ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®nal Cà ®?nà ±Ã‚ ³l ?ad tà ® eà µam ³ne t?e à ±Ãƒ ®nfà ®rm ³tà ³ w ³t? t?e Cà ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®n à ®f art ³Ãƒ ±le 365 C ³? ³l Cà ®de as  ³ntà ¥rà °reted bà ³ t?e Cà ®?rt à ®f Ca ¾Ã‚ ¾at ³Ãƒ ®n, beà ±a?se  ³t dà ®Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾ nà ®t allà ®w fà ®r t?e adà ®Ãƒ °t ³Ãƒ ®n à ®f t?e m ³nà ®r bà ³ t?e nà ®n-marr ³ed à °artnà ¥r à ®r t?e à ±Ãƒ ®mmà ®n law à °artnà ¥r. T? ³s s ³t?at ³Ãƒ ®n  ³nà ±l?dà ¥Ã‚ ¾ ?ndà ¥r Frenà ±? law alsà ® t?e à ±Ã‚ ³? ³l reg ³stà ¥red à °artnà ¥rs? ³Ãƒ °[4]. In t?e deà ±Ã‚ ³s ³Ãƒ ®n del ³?à ¥red à ®n t?e 6 Oà ±tà ®bà ¥r 2010 t?e Cà ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®nal Cà ®?nà ±Ã‚ ³l r?là ¥Ã‚ ¾ t?at art ³Ãƒ ±le 365 as  ³ntà ¥rà °reted bà ³ t?e Cà ®?rt à ®f Ca ¾Ã‚ ¾at ³Ãƒ ®n dà ®Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾ nà ®t enà ±rà ®aà ±? à ®n t?e r ³g?t tà ® l ³?e à   nà ®rmal fam ³là ³ l ³fe, w? ³Ãƒ ±? dà ®Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾ nà ®t req? ³re t?e r ³g?t tà ® à ¥Ã‚ ¾tabl ³s? à   legal relat ³Ãƒ ®ns? ³Ãƒ ° t?rà ®?g? adà ®Ãƒ °t ³Ãƒ ®n (Aleà ±, 2010a: à °68). On t?e à ®t?à ¥r ?à  nd, t?e Frenà ±? Cà ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®nal Cà ®?rt  ¼?dged t?at bà ³ reaff ³rm ³ng t? ³s à ±Ãƒ ®nstr?à ±t ³Ãƒ ®n à ®f t?e à °rà ®? ³s ³Ãƒ ®n t?e Cà ®?rt à ®f Ca ¾Ã‚ ¾at ³Ãƒ ®n à ±Ãƒ ®ns ³dà ¥red t?at t?e d ³ffà ¥renà ±e à ®f treatment between marr ³ed à  nd ?nmarr ³ed à ±Ãƒ ®?à °là ¥Ã‚ ¾ regard ³ng t?e adà ®Ãƒ °t ³Ãƒ ®n à ®f à ±? ³ldren à ±Ãƒ ®?ld be  ¼?st ³f ³ed w ³t? à   ? ³ew tà ® t?e  ³ntà ¥rà ¥Ã‚ ¾t à ®f t?e à ±? ³ld. T?e Cà ®?rt reà ±alled t?at â€Å" ³t  ³s nà ®t  ³nà ±?mbent ?à °Ãƒ ®n t?e Cà ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®nal Cà ®?nà ±Ã‚ ³l tà ® s?bst ³t?te  ³ts à ®wn aà °Ãƒ °ra ³sal fà ®r t?at à ®f Parl ³ament as tà ® t?e à ±Ãƒ ®nseq?enà ±Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾ w? ³Ãƒ ±? s?à ®?ld be drawn  ³n t?e à ±ase  ³n ?à  nd, frà ®m t?e à °art ³Ãƒ ±?lar s ³t?at ³Ãƒ ®n à ®f à ±? ³ldren brà ®?g?t ?à ° bà ³ twà ® à °Ãƒ ¥rsà ®ns à ®f t?e same seà µÃ¢â‚¬ . A à ±Ãƒ ±Ãƒ ®rd ³ng tà ® t?e Cà ®?rt art ³Ãƒ ±le 365 C ³? ³l Cà ®de  ³s ts  ³n aà ±Ãƒ ±Ãƒ ®rdà  nà ±e w ³t? t?e Cà ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®n (Jamà ¥Ã‚ ¾, 2009: à °248). If we à ±Ãƒ ®mà °are Br ³t ³s? à  nd Amà ¥r ³Ãƒ ±Ãƒ  n legal sà ³stems w ³t? Cà ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®nal Cà ®?nà ±Ã‚ ³l à ®f Frà  nà ±e, we à ±Ãƒ ®me tà ® ?nà ®w t?at ?nl ³?e Br ³t ³s? à  nd Amà ¥r ³Ãƒ ±Ãƒ  n Legal sà ³stems,  ³n Frà  nà ±e, t?à ¥re  ³s à   wr ³tten Frenà ±? Cà ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®n. Laws, aftà ¥r à °a ¾Ã‚ ¾age b?t befà ®re enaà ±tment, à ±Ãƒ  n be re? ³ewed bà ³ t?e Cà ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®nal Cà ®?nà ±Ã‚ ³l. Re? ³ew  ³s e ³t?à ¥r req?à ¥Ã‚ ¾ted (fà ®r mà ®st laws) à ®r mà  ndatà ®rà ³ (fà ®r laws affeà ±t ³ng t?e Cà ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®n). Its n ³ne membà ¥rs à ±Ãƒ ®ns ³st à ®f t?ree aà °Ãƒ °Ãƒ ®Ã‚ ³nted bà ³ t?e Gà ®?à ¥rnment, t?ree bà ³ t?e A ¾Ã‚ ¾emblà ³, à  nd t?ree bà ³ t?e Senate. T?e Cà ®?nà ±Ã‚ ³l  ³s dà ¥Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ³gned almà ®st l ³?e t?e U.S. S?à °reme Cà ®?rt, b?t  ³t ?as l ³ttle à ®f t?e à °Ãƒ ®wà ¥r à ®f t?at à ±Ãƒ ®?rt (Jamà ¥Ã‚ ¾, 2009: à °190). Fà ®r t?e Frenà ±?, t?e ma ¼Ãƒ ®r ³tà ³ à ®f t?e à °Ãƒ ®wà ¥r l ³Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾  ³n t?e ?à  nds à ®f t?e Gà ®?à ¥rnment. If t?e Prà ¥Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ³dent  ³s à ®f t?e same à °artà ³ as t?e Gà ®?à ¥rnment, ?e à ±Ãƒ  n alsà ® w ³eld à ±Ãƒ ®ns ³dà ¥rable à °Ãƒ ®wà ¥r. T?e A ¾Ã‚ ¾emblà ³  ³s ? ³g?là ³ l ³m ³ted tà ® leg ³slate à ®n tà ®Ãƒ °Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ±s sà °eà ±Ã‚ ³f ³Ãƒ ±allà ³ sà °elled à ®?t  ³n t?e Cà ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®n; t?e Senate ?as far là ¥Ã‚ ¾s à °Ãƒ ®wà ¥r t?à  n t?e A ¾Ã‚ ¾emblà ³. T?e Cà ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®nal Cà ®?nà ±Ã‚ ³l ?as nà ®t à °rà ®?en tà ® be t?e fà ®rà ±e  ³n Frenà ±? gà ®?à ¥rnment t?at  ³t aà °Ãƒ °ears tà ® ?a?e been dà ¥Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ³gned tà ® be (Aleà ±, 2010a: à °73). In Br ³t ³s? Parl ³amentarà ³ sà ³stem t?à ¥re are twà ® ?à ®?sà ¥Ã‚ ¾ à ®f t?e leg ³slat?re. T?e ?à °Ãƒ °Ãƒ ¥r ?à ®?se, t?e Hà ®?se à ®f Là ®rds, ?as trad ³t ³Ãƒ ®nallà ³ à ±Ãƒ ®ns ³sted à ®f t?e nà ®b ³l ³tà ³ à ®f Br ³ta ³n: dà ¥Ã‚ ¾, earls, ? ³sà ±Ãƒ ®?nts, barà ®ns, à  nd b ³s?à ®Ãƒ °s. As à ®f 2005, t?e ?à ¥rà ³ eà µÃ‚ ³stenà ±e à ®f t?e Hà ®?se à ®f Là ®rds  ³s  ³n q?à ¥Ã‚ ¾t ³Ãƒ ®n. T?à ¥re are sà ®me à ±all ³ng fà ®r  ³ts abà ®l ³t ³Ãƒ ®n, b?t à   à ±Ãƒ ®mb ³nat ³Ãƒ ®n eleà ±ted/l ³fet ³me aà °Ãƒ °Ãƒ ®Ã‚ ³ntment sà ³stem seems mà ®re l ³?elà ³ (Tà ®nà ³, 2010: à °319). À à °Ãƒ ®Ãƒ °?lar à °rà ®Ãƒ °Ãƒ ®sal à ±alls fà ®r 80% à ®f t?e bà ®dà ³ tà ® be eleà ±ted à  nd t?e name tà ® à ±?à  nge tà ® t?e â€Å"Seà ±Ãƒ ®nd C?ambà ¥r.† In 1999, t?e Hà ®?se à ®f Là ®rds ?ad à ®?à ¥r 1300 membà ¥rs. Tà ®daà ³, t?à ¥re are  ¼?st à ®?à ¥r 700 membà ¥rs. T?e Hà ®?se à ®f Là ®rds sà ¥r?à ¥Ã‚ ¾ à    ¼?d ³Ãƒ ±Ã‚ ³al f?nà ±t ³Ãƒ ®n as à   à ±Ãƒ ®?rt à ®f f ³nal aà °Ãƒ °eal, b?t as à   leg ³slat ³?e bà ®dà ³,  ³s w ³delà ³ regarded as  ³neffeà ±t?al. It à ±Ãƒ  n delaà ³ à °a ¾Ã‚ ¾age à ®f b ³lls  ³Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¾?ed bà ³ t?e là ®wà ¥r ?à ®?se, t?à ®?g?  ³t à ±Ãƒ  nnà ®t ?età ® t?em (Tà ®nà ³, 2010: à °318).T?e là ®wà ¥r ?à ®?se, t?e Hà ®?se à ®f Cà ®mmà ®ns, à ±Ãƒ ®ns ³sts à ®f MPs (Membà ¥rs à ®f Parl ³ament) eleà ±ted frà ®m à ®ne à ®f 646 eleà ±tà ®ral d ³str ³Ãƒ ±ts. In t?e Cà ®mmà ®ns, ma ¼Ãƒ ®r ³tà ³ r?là ¥Ã‚ ¾. T?e ma ¼Ãƒ ®r ³tà ³ à °artà ³ ma?à ¥Ã‚ ¾ all t?e laws. T?e m ³nà ®r ³tà ³ ?as l ³ttle ?à ®Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ±e. T?e Pr ³me M ³n ³stà ¥r, Br ³ta ³n’s à ±là ®sà ¥Ã‚ ¾t aà °Ãƒ °rà ®Ãƒ µÃ‚ ³mat ³Ãƒ ®n à ®f t?e Amà ¥r ³Ãƒ ±Ãƒ  n Prà ¥Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ³dent,  ³s à  n MP à ±?à ®sen bà ³ t?e ma ¼Ãƒ ®r ³tà ³. T?e  ¼?d ³Ãƒ ±Ã‚ ³arà ³ ?as nà ® à °Ãƒ ®wà ¥r à ®f re? ³ew as  ³n t?e U.S. S ³nà ±e Br ³ta ³n ?as nà ® fà ®rmal, wr ³tten à ±Ãƒ ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®n, nà ® law à ±Ãƒ  n be ?nà ±Ãƒ ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®nal (Jamà ¥Ã‚ ¾, 2009: à °209). T?e ?ead à ®f state, à  nalà ®gà ®?s st ³ll w ³t? t?e Amà ¥r ³Ãƒ ±Ãƒ  n Prà ¥Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ³dent,  ³s t?e mà ®narà ±? (K ³ng à ®r Q?een). T?e mà ®narà ±? m?st aà °Ãƒ °rà ®?e à ®f all b ³lls, t?à ®?g? t?e à °rà ®Ãƒ ±Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾s tà ®daà ³  ³s l ³ttle mà ®re t?à  n à   r?bbà ¥r stamà °. T?e Sà °ea?à ¥r à ®f t?e Hà ®?se à ®f Cà ®mmà ®ns, eleà ±ted bà ³ t?e Hà ®?se, aà ±ts as t?e refà ¥ree  ³n debate between t?e ma ¼Ãƒ ®r ³tà ³ à  nd t?e m ³nà ®r ³tà ³. T?e MPs  ³n t?e Hà ®?se à ®f Cà ®mmà ®ns s ³t fà ®r f ³?e à ³ears, à ®r ?nt ³l t?e mà ®narà ±? (at t?e Pr ³me M ³n ³stà ¥r’s be?à ¥Ã‚ ¾t) d ³Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ®l?à ¥Ã‚ ¾ Parl ³ament à  nd à ±alls fà ®r new eleà ±t ³Ãƒ ®ns. T?e Pr ³me M ³n ³stà ¥r alsà ® ?eads t?e Cab ³net (Aleà ±, 2010b: à °112). In Br ³ta ³n, t?e ma ¼Ãƒ ®r ³tà ³ à °artà ³  ³n t?e Hà ®?se à ®f Cà ®mmà ®ns ?à ®lds all à ®f t?e à °Ãƒ ®wà ¥r. T?e  ¼?d ³Ãƒ ±Ã‚ ³arà ³ ?as nà ® à °Ãƒ ®wà ¥r à ®f re? ³ew. T?e Hà ®?se à ®f Là ®rds ?à ®lds l ³ttle mà ®re t?à  n delaà ³Ã‚ ³ng à °Ãƒ ®wà ¥rs. Bà ³ trad ³t ³Ãƒ ®n, t?e mà ®narà ±? dà ®Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾ nà ®t ?età ® b ³lls à °a ¾Ã‚ ¾ed bà ³ t?e Parl ³ament. Ànd t?e de faà ±tà ® ?ead à ®f state, t?e Pr ³me M ³n ³stà ¥r,  ³s à   membà ¥r à ®f t?e Cà ®mmà ®ns (Jamà ¥Ã‚ ¾, 2009: à °209). Cà ®nà ±l?s ³Ãƒ ®n T?e à ±Ãƒ ®mà °ar ³sà ®n s?ggà ¥Ã‚ ¾ts t?at t?e Frenà ±? à  nd t?e Br ³t ³s? m ³g?t sà ±Ãƒ ®ff at t?e faà ±t t?at ?ead à ®f state à ®f USA, t?e Prà ¥Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ³dent, ?as nà ® à °Ãƒ ®wà ¥r tà ® ma?e laws. T?eà ³ m ³g?t à ±r ³nge at t?e t?à ®?g?t t?at  ¼?dgà ¥Ã‚ ¾ à ±Ãƒ  n rendà ¥r t?e w ³ll à ®f t?e à °eà ®Ãƒ °le,  ³n t?e fà ®rm à ®f à   d?là ³ à °a ¾Ã‚ ¾ed law, n?ll à  nd ?à ®Ã‚ ³d. Amà ¥r ³Ãƒ ±Ãƒ  ns m ³g?t là ®Ãƒ ®? w ³t? am?sement at t?e  ³nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®n à ®f t?e Br ³t ³s? mà ®narà ±?à ³, à  nd  ³ts à ±Ãƒ ®nt ³n?ed ?à ®ld,  ³f à ®nlà ³ à ®n à °aà °Ãƒ ¥r, à ®n Cà  nada. Amà ¥r ³Ãƒ ±Ãƒ  ns m ³g?t à ±r ³nge at t?e Br ³t ³s? t?à ®?g?t à ®f ma ¼Ãƒ ®r ³tà ³ r?le w ³t? nà ® wr ³tten à ±Ãƒ ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®n tà ® be ?sed as à   g? ³de à ®r r?le bà ®Ãƒ ®?. We m ³g?t wà ®rrà ³ t?at t?e Frenà ±? Prà ¥Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ³denà ±Ãƒ ³ ?as t?e à °Ãƒ ®tent ³al tà ® t?rn tà ³rà  nn ³Ãƒ ±al bà ³ t?e m ³s?se à ®f emà ¥rgenà ±Ãƒ ³ à °Ãƒ ®wà ¥rs. B?t reà ±all t?at eaà ±? à ®f t?à ¥Ã‚ ¾e nat ³Ãƒ ®ns, à  nd t?e ndred à ®t?à ¥rs  ³n t? ³s wà ®rld, ?a?e à °Ãƒ ®l ³t ³Ãƒ ±al à  nd sà ®Ãƒ ±Ã‚ ³al trad ³t ³Ãƒ ®ns t?at sà ®met ³mà ¥Ã‚ ¾ date baà ±? à   t?à ®?sà  nd à ³ears. Dà ¥Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ °Ã‚ ³te w?at Amà ¥r ³Ãƒ ±Ãƒ  ns m ³g?t t? ³n? are à ®dd  ³nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®ns à  nd trad ³t ³Ãƒ ®ns  ³n Frà  nà ±e à  nd Br ³ta ³n t?à ¥Ã‚ ¾e are all à °rà ®sà °Ãƒ ¥rà ®?s nat ³Ãƒ ®ns. T?e sà ³stems wà ®r?  ³n t?e à ±Ãƒ ®nteà µt à ®f eaà ±? nat ³Ãƒ ®n, e?en  ³f t?e deta ³ls à ±Ãƒ ®?ld nà ®t wà ®r?  ³n sà ®me à ®t?à ¥rs. Refà ¥renà ±Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾ Aleà ± S., (2010a) T?e B ³rt? à ®f J?d ³Ãƒ ±Ã‚ ³al Pà ®l ³t ³Ãƒ ±s  ³n Frà  nà ±e: T?e Cà ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®nal Cà ®?nà ±Ã‚ ³l  ³n Cà ®mà °arat ³?e Pà ¥rsà °eà ±t ³?e, Oà µfà ®rd: Oà µfà ®rd Un ³?à ¥rs ³tà ³ Prà ¥Ã‚ ¾s, ISBN 0-19-507034-8, à °Ãƒ ° 63-74 Aleà ± S., (2010b), T?e B ³rt? à ®f J?d ³Ãƒ ±Ã‚ ³al Pà ®l ³t ³Ãƒ ±s  ³n Frà  nà ±e: T?e Cà ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®nal Cà ®?nà ±Ã‚ ³l  ³n Cà ®mà °arat ³?e Pà ¥rsà °eà ±t ³?e, Oà µfà ®rd: Oà µfà ®rd Un ³?à ¥rs ³tà ³ Prà ¥Ã‚ ¾s, ISBN 0-19-507034-8, à °Ãƒ ° 112-126 Jamà ¥Ã‚ ¾ B., (2009) Cà ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®nal Re? ³ew  ³n Frà  nà ±e, T?e S?à °reme Cà ®?rt Re? ³ew, Và ®l. 2009, Là ®ndà ®n: Peng? ³n P?bl ³Ãƒ ±at ³Ãƒ ®n, à °Ãƒ °. 189–259 Mart ³n À. (2010) â€Å"Frenà ±? Cà ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®nal Law: Casà ¥Ã‚ ¾ à  nd Matà ¥r ³als† – D?r?am, Nà ®rt? Carà ®l ³na: Carà ®l ³na Aà ±adem ³Ãƒ ± Prà ¥Ã‚ ¾s, à °Ãƒ ° 96-108 Tà ®nà ³ P., (2010) Cà ®nst ³t?t ³Ãƒ ®ns à  nd Pà ®l ³t ³Ãƒ ±al Eà ±Ãƒ ®nà ®mà ³: T?e Pr ³?at ³sat ³Ãƒ ®n à ®f P?bl ³Ãƒ ± Entà ¥rà °r ³sà ¥Ã‚ ¾  ³n Frà  nà ±e à  nd Great Br ³ta ³n, T?e Mà ®dà ¥rn Law Re? ³ew, Và ®l. 55, Nà ®. 3 à °Ãƒ °. 304–320 How to cite Comparative Law: The Constitutional Council of France, Essay examples

Speech on Romanov dynasty Essays - Chivalry, Russian Empire

Speech on Romanov dynasty By abdulsalam masri the Romanov dynasty had control over Russia from 1613 until 1917 ending in the assassination of Nicholas II and his family. Nicholas came into power after the death of his father in in 1994 until 1918 when him and his family were assassinated and overruled by the bolshaviks which were led by lenin, who eventually took control of Russia. Nicholas had plans to bring the country forward and advance it until the beginning of the first world war was a factor which had led to the downfall of the Romanov dynasty, this occurred when Nicholas II made a very unpopular decisions , one of which was leaving without a sovereign for the first time since 1613, leaving his authority with his wife tsarina Alexandra, Alexandra and Nicholas had 5 kids one of which suffered from hemophelia a disease which doesn't alow blood to clot, and that was when the royal family had meet Gregory Rasputin who was a monk who was believed to have healing powers. In September 1915 Nicholas II assumed supreme command of theRussian Armyfighting on theEastern Front.As he spent most of his time at GHQ, Alexandra now took responsibility for domestic policy.Gregory Rasputinserved as her adviser and over the next few months she dismissed ministers and their deputies. Rumors began to spread that Alexandra and Rasputin were leaders of a pro German court group. The murder of Rasputin, it was believed that Rasputin and Alexandra ad Rasputin were having affairs, having decided that rasputins influence over the tsarina had made him a threat to the empire, a group of Prince Felix, the grand duke Dmitri, and the right hand politician Vladimir came up with a plan to assassinate Rasputin in December 1916 , when prince felix had lured him into the basement offering him tea and cake which was laced in cyanide which didn't see to effect him and asked for a wine, around 2:30 am Prince Felix left to go upstairs to get a revolver and came back down to shoot him once in the chest , he then went to palace in which Rasputin had been living in and put his coat and hat back making it as if he had returned to the palace that night, prince Felix had returned to his palace and going to check to see if Rasputin was dead, and Rasputin had attacked him, as making an esacpe from Rasputin and escaped upstairs being followed by Rasputin into the palace court yard the n being shot by Vladimir, then had wrapped his body in a white cloth and dropping it in Malaya neveka rive. The Russian Revolution of 1917 was one of the most explosive political events of the twentieth century. The violent revolution marked the end of the Romanov dynasty and centuries of Russian Imperial rule. During the Russian Revolution, the Bolsheviks, led by the revolutionary Vladimir Lenin, seized power and destroyed the tradition of tzar rule. The Bolsheviks would later become the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The downfall of the Romanov was the day tsar Nicholas had been executed by the bolshakis, the duma eventually turned on Nicholas due to his poor ruling. In februrary of 19 17 members of the duma prevented him from boarding the train home from his HQ. the duma soon elected their own provisional committee members. Nicholas had no choice but to step down from power . after the tzar stepped down, he was put on house arrest. Nicholas along with the rest of his family and a few of their servants, were imprisoned in the ipatiev house in Yekaterinburg for the final months of his life. It was debated but historians don't agree on the details of the execution of the tzar and his family. But it was believed it was around midnight on July 17,1918. The family and the servants were led into a basemen, being told it was for their safety. Executioners came out of an adjoined room and told they were being killed, then Nicholas exclaimed " What, What" before he was shot and immediately killed. His dau ghters were protected because of the diamonds sewn onto their dresses, but all present except for the executioners were murdered

Georges Marvellous Medicine Essay Essay Example

Georges Marvellous Medicine Essay Essay Example Georges Marvellous Medicine Essay Essay Georges Marvellous Medicine Essay Essay Roald Dahl is an imaginative writer and does create vivid images in the readers mind. i do agree with this statement. Roald Dahl has used many narrative techniques such as imagery, vocabulary and humours illustrations. Georges Marvellous Medicine should be read by all students, because of all the techniques and key features used. Georges Marvellous Medicine is a story about a young boy who’s tempted to do â€Å"something† about his so called â€Å"grandmother†, and by something he means searching around the house collecting all kinds of horrible ingredients that will make grandma disappear, but instead, of disappearing she gets bigger !. The story affects on themes such as groth, family, good people, bad people, understanding people jealousy and greed. An important theme is good people because, being evil / bad, doesn’t pay out later, what goes around comes around an example would be grandma to George. Roald Dahl was the best storyteller in the 20thcentury. He used fantastic plots that matched by the extraordinary events in his life. He played with the vocabulary, and invented his own words. Roald Dahl stories have brought delight to millions of people. He was born in Llandaff, Wales on September 13th 1916. His parents were Norwegian and he was the only son of a second marriage. His father Harald and his elder sister Astri died when Roald was only three. He remembered his mother as â€Å"a rock, a real rock, always on your side whatever you’d done. Roald Dahl died on the 23rd of November 1990. An interesting narrative technique Roald Dahl used to make his stories entertaining and creative were his own words / vocabulary. An example of them would be: Squigglers, jacky jumpers, heigh – nonny- no and spissing. : These words present imagery which makes all Roald Dahl’s stories imaginative and entertaining. Italics is also another narrative technique style Roald Dahl used to emphasise a word. An example of an italic would be: No wonder, good. He slants these words, to make their voices have expression, for example, sarcasm. No wonder : Obviously he had left something out of the medicine. The illustrations by Quentin Blake are another narrative technique, used by Roald Dahl in his novel, Georges Marvellous Medicine. The illustrations help the reader to picture the key events and storyline. These illustrations are quick sketches, in black ink which support the fast rate in the storyline. An example would be, when Grandma hops out of her chair once George hands her the medicine. This book cover Georges Marvellous Medicine created and designed by Quentin Blake is effective as a visual text as it illustrates the key ideas in the novel. This book cover aims to target at children promoting a light and comical storyline and themes. For example, the childish font in the cream coloured box has forms of abstract and vector lines which would attract children’s attention. The large saucepan is a salience image because of the size of the pan. It makes you wonder the many ingredients put into it and the power of this potion. The ladle on which George is holding, guides the viewers eyes around the book cover. This is a form of vector lines. In conclusion, Roald Dahl is an imaginative writer and does create vivid images in the readers mind. Roald Dahl’s novel Georges Marvellous Medicine is an entertaining and imaginative novel with its made up vocabulary and humorous illustrations. Quentin Blake, the creative illustrator of this novel. is one of the finest illustrators in children’s literature. His illustrations are original and easy to follow. Once again, Georges Marvellous Medicine, by Roald Dahl is an entertaining novel and should be read by all students because of all the key features used. The moral / coda of the book Georges Marvellous Medicine, is that grandma had learnt her lesson for being so cruel and wicked to George, as they say, what goes around comes around.

Giuseppe Garibaldi, Italys Revolutionary Hero

Giuseppe Garibaldi, Italy's Revolutionary Hero Giuseppe Garibaldi (July 4, 1807–June 2, 1882) was a military leader who led a movement that united Italy in the mid-1800s. He stood in opposition to the oppression of the Italian people, and his revolutionary instincts inspired people on both sides of the Atlantic. Fast Facts: Giuseppi Garibaldi Known For: Unifying northern and southern ItalyBorn: July 4, 1807 in Nice, FranceParents: Giovanni Domenico Garibaldi and Maria Rosa Nicoletta RaimondoDied: June 2, 1882 in Caprera, Kingdom of ItalyPublished Works:  AutobiographySpouse(s):  Francesca Armosino (m. 1880–1882), Giuseppina Raimondi (m. 1860–1860), Ana Ribeiro da Silva (Anita) Garibaldi (m. 1842–1849)Children: by Anita: Menotti (b. 1840), Rosita (b. 1843), Teresita (b. 1845) and Ricciotti (b. 1847); by Francesca: Clà ©lia Garibaldi (1867); Rosa Garibaldi (1869) and Manlio Garibaldi (1873) He lived an adventurous life, which included stints as a fisherman, sailor, and soldier. His activities led him into exile, which meant living for a time in South America and even, at one point, in New York. Early Life Giuseppe Garibaldi was born in Nice on July 4, 1807, to Giovanni Domenico Garibaldi and his wife Maria Rosa Nicoletta Raimondo. His father was a fisherman and also piloted trading vessels along the Mediterranean coast. When Garibaldi was a child, Nice, which had been ruled by Napoleonic France, came under the control of the Italian kingdom of Piedmont Sardinia. Its likely that Garibaldis great desire to unite Italy was rooted in his childhood experience of essentially seeing the nationality of his hometown being changed. Resisting his mothers wish that he join the priesthood, Garibaldi went to sea at the age of 15. From Sea Captain to Rebel and Fugitive Garibaldi was certified as a sea captain by the age of 25, and in the early 1830s he became involved in the Young Italy movement led by Giuseppe Mazzini. The party was devoted to the liberation and unification of Italy, large parts of which were then ruled by Austria or the Papacy. A plot to overthrow the Piedmontese government failed and Garibaldi, who was involved, was forced to flee. The government sentenced him to death in absentia. Unable to return to Italy, he sailed to South America. Guerrilla Fighter and Rebel in South America For more than a dozen years Garibaldi lived in exile, making a living at first as a sailor and a trader. He was drawn to rebel movements in South America and fought in Brazil and Uruguay. Garibaldi led forces that were victorious over the Uruguayan dictator, and he was credited with ensuring the liberation of Uruguay. Exhibiting a keen sense of the dramatic, Garibaldi adopted the red shirts worn by South American gauchos as a personal trademark. In later years, his billowing red shirts would be a prominent part of his public image. In 1842, he met and married a Brazilian freedom fighter, Ana Maria de Jesus Ribeiro da Silva, known as Anita. They would have four children, Menotti (b. 1840), Rosita (b. 1843), Teresita (b. 1845), and Ricciotti (b. 1847). Return to Italy While Garibaldi was in South America he stayed in touch with his revolutionary colleague Mazzini, who was living in exile in London. Mazzini continually promoted Garibaldi, seeing him as a rallying point for Italian nationalists. As revolutions broke out in Europe in 1848, Garibaldi returned from South America. He landed in Nice, along with his Italian Legion, which consisted of about 60 loyal fighters. As war and rebellions broke roiled Italy, Garibaldi commanded troops in Milan before having to flee to Switzerland. Hailed as an Italian Military Hero Garibaldi intended to go to Sicily and join a rebellion there, but he was instead drawn into a conflict at Rome. In 1849 Garibaldi, taking the side of a newly formed revolutionary government, led Italian forces battling French troops who were loyal to the pope. After addressing the Roman assembly following a brutal battle, while still carrying a bloody sword, Garibaldi was encouraged to flee the city. Garibaldis South American-born wife Anita, who had fought alongside him, died during the perilous retreat from Rome. Garibaldi himself escaped to Tuscany and eventually to Nice. Exiled to Staten Island The authorities in Nice forced him back into exile, and he crossed the Atlantic yet again. For a time he lived quietly in Staten Island, a borough of New York City, as a guest of Italian-American inventor Antonio Meucci. In the early 1850s, Garibaldi also returned to seafaring, at one point serving as captain of a ship that sailed to the Pacific and back. Return  to Italy In the mid-1850s Garibaldi visited Mazzini in London and was eventually allowed to return to Italy. He was able to obtain funds to buy an estate on a small island off the coast of Sardinia and devoted himself to farming. Never far from his mind, of course, was a political movement to unify Italy. This movement was popularly known as the risorgimento, literally the resurrection in Italian. Garibaldi was married for a few days in January 1860, to a woman named Giuseppina Raimondi, who it turned out was pregnant with another mans child. It was a scandal that was quickly hushed up. The Thousand Red Shirts Political upheaval again led Garibaldi into battle. In May 1860 he landed in Sicily with his followers, who came to be known as the Thousand Red Shirts. Garibaldi defeated the Neapolitan troops, essentially conquering the island, and then crossed the Strait of Messina to the Italian mainland. After matching northward, Garibaldi reached Naples and made a triumphant entry into the undefended city on September 7, 1860. He declared himself dictator. Seeking a peaceful unification of Italy, Garibaldi turned over his southern conquests to the Piedmontese king and returned to his island farm. Legacy and Death The eventual unification of Italy took more than a decade. Garibaldi made several attempts to seize Rome in the 1860s, but was captured three times and sent back to his farm. In the Franco-Prussian War, Garibaldi, out of sympathy for the newly formed French Republic, briefly fought against the Prussians. In 1865, he hired Francesca Armosino, a robust young woman from San Damiano dAsti to help his daughter Teresita who was ill. Francesca and Garibaldi would have three children: Clà ©lia Garibaldi (1867); Rosa Garibaldi (1869) and Manlio Garibaldi (1873). They married in 1880. As a result of the Franco-Prussian War, the Italian government took control of Rome, and Italy was essentially united. Garibaldi was later voted a pension by the Italian government and was considered a national hero until his death on June 2, 1882. Sources Garibaldi, Guiseppi. My Life. Tr. Parkin, Stephen. Hesperus Press, 2004.Garibaldi, Guiseppi. Garibaldi: An Autobiography. Tr. Robson, William. London, Routledge, Warne Routledge, 1861.Riall, Lucy. Garibaldi: Invention of a Hero. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007.  Scirocco, Alfonso. Garibaldi: Citizen of the World. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2007.

Rotork Fluid Systems as a Global Company That Is Designed To Serve Essay

Rotork Fluid Systems as a Global Company That Is Designed To Serve Customers for All Needs That Are Associated With Fluid Powered Actuators - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that Rotork Fluid Systems have their manufacturing plants in the United States, Germany, and Sweden which is supported through the application of a strategic network of Centres of Excellence, control system packing, serving application engineering, and commissioning and support sales support for local industries installation. Rotork Fluid Systems practices quality and safety production of pneumatic and electrical actuator valves using a custom test systems that test the correct operation and product functionality and assist with the development and research. Rotork Fluid Systems manufacture high-quality Pneumatic Actuators. Actuators that do not perform well have serious consequences to the production process. Pneumatic actuators are used to plug, ball and butterfly valves. In addition, they can be used in various quarter turn applications that include pressure regulators and dampers. They are made of aluminum alloys of high duty that provide corrosion resistance and optimum strength. They have different variety and sizes that range between twelve to four thousand nanometers. Pneumatic actuators are produced in two versions; the single and double acting. The two versions have been designed in a way that there are no movements on the outside. By this, they become safe, easier installation and low maintenance needs. In addition, the pinion construction and pinion rack mean that they are lightweight and have a little volume to occupy. The double and single acting actuators are made use of in most safety systems. They have the ability to return automatically to fail-safe positions and have modular spring packages that ensure they are easily applied within a wide prospect of supply pressures and operating conditions. The actuators are fitted by use of drive inserts. This is done to enable them to become directly mounted onto the right valves and eliminate the call for a coupling and bracket type of mounting kit. The continue d use of directs mounts cut the costs of a valve assembly. The choice of an actuator is dependent on the valve torque requirement.

Being In Nature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Being In Nature - Essay Example So, I decided to look at the nature through lens of a system of beliefs that is not common for me and gain first hand experience. This paper will provide an accurate account of the way I perceived the nature from the point of view of Chinese folk religions. First of all, it must be noted that while sitting on the bank of the river, I used my imagination to think that everything that is around me may be home for a particular deity, as is proposed by Chinese folk religion (Taylor 299). I tried to envision how gods could dwell in the trees or in the rocks. I also took a close look at the river, thinking about it not as a huge amount of water that was flowing from an elevated platform towards the ocean, but some kind of a miracle. I thought that if I try hard enough I will be able to image the god of the river and maybe interact with it. In addition to that, while sitting on the bank, I felt that I was ready for some fantastic actions. Indeed, I thought that is the surrounding area is full of different deities that some interesting might happen to me as well. That is why I looked at the forest and at the river, hoping that I will be able to communicate with the gods that live there and they might possibly give me a quest to complete. There is no doubt in the fact that if a person perceives the world in this way, than the latter becomes a rather interesting place to live in. Finally, I looked at the nature that was around me and felt that there is much more than a simple set of natural objects. I felt that under certain conditions, a person might feel that the place were I was sitting is able to tell a story. I think that it would not be an exaggeration that this was as close as I have ever been to understanding a different worldview. In spite of the fact that I knew that there would not be a fancy half transparent figure floating in the air dressed in ancient Chinese clothes, I felt that there is truly something more to the scenery. In other